The aetiology of dentoalveolar trauma in adults can be categorised as: accidental trips and falls; sports injuries; and road traffic accidents. The energy of the impact is of great significance in terms of the extent of the damage caused. Low-velocity blows are more likely to cause more damage to the supporting structures with less incidence of tooth fracture. In contrast, high-velocity impacts deliver greater energy to the crown, resulting in crown fractures with less effect on the supporting tissues. The surface area of contact, and the shape and resilience of the traumatic object can also affect the pattern of injury. Sharp objects deliver a particularly concentrated force, often resulting in crown fractures. Conversely, blunter objects with overlying soft tissue tend to deliver dissipated forces, resulting in root fractures, luxation injuries or injury to the supporting tissues.

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